In his article “Fairness for Farmworkers and Farm Animals” in Issue 8 of For A Better World, Paul Shapiro, Vice President of Farm Animal Protection for the Humane Society of the United States, recalled Upton Sinclair’s century-old, best-selling novel, The Jungle. Shapiro noted how the book, which he described as “reporting on life for immigrant workers in Chicago’s harrowing meat-packing industry,” highlighted the connections between human and animal abuse and united communities around labor and animal issues. He went on to explain that “over a century later, slaughter plant work is still among America’s most dangerous jobs, and farm animals still suffer in ways no person with a sound mind could condone.”

I read another reference to Sinclair’s book recently in an editorial for CNN by journalist Will Potter,¹ who remarked “If The Jungle were published today, Sinclair would probably release photos from his undercover investigation of Chicago meat-packing plants on Flickr and upload video to YouTube. His work would be shared thousands of times on Facebook by outraged consumers. And all of this could land him in court, and even in prison.”

Potter was referring to the threat of ag-gag laws. “Ag-gag” is a term coined to describe a variety of existing and proposed laws that seek to “gag” or prevent whistleblowers from exposing abuses and crimes within the animal agriculture industry. Although three similar laws, more broad in scope than simply recording, were passed in Kansas, Montana and North Dakota as early as 1990 and 1991, since 2011 a variety of ag-gag bills have been introduced around the country in an attempt to censor whistleblowing by investigators, journalists and advocacy organizations who seek to expose animal welfare or labor abuses in factory farms and slaughterhouses.

The meat and dairy industries have long tried – and often succeeded – in operating without transparency and leaving consumers in the dark. These industries have pressed lawmakers for years to inflict severe penalties on anyone that may threaten profit motives by exposing their exploitation.
In the face of growing pressure from the meat and dairy industries on legislators to pass ag-gag laws, investigations by animal advocacy organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States, Mercy for Animals and Compassion Over Killing, have exposed shocking animal cruelty and consumer health dangers in the food industry that would have otherwise gone unreported.

There have been dozens of these undercover employment-based investigations of the meat, dairy and egg industries by animal protection groups over the past fifteen years. These investigations have led to a felony conviction for egregious cruelty to animals,² the country’s largest meat recall ordered by the USDA in 2008,³ a civil settlement of $497 million by a California slaughterhouse,⁴ and international media exposure to the plight of animals and workers on factory farms.

The investigations have also led to improved conditions for farm animals, laws against a range of animal confinement systems in nine states, and corporate farm animal welfare policies from most of the country’s largest fast-food restaurants, grocery chains and meat companies, including McDonald’s, Burger King, Smithfield Foods and Hormel.

In 2011, the meat industry responded – not by improving conditions for farm animals, but by proposing ag-gag laws in four states to prohibit investigations into abuses and crimes within the animal agriculture industry. The first law of its kind passed that year in Iowa. In 2012, pro-factory farm legislators enacted three such laws in Missouri, Utah and South Carolina. In 2013, fifteen anti-whistleblower bills were introduced in eleven states (Arkansas, California, Indiana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Wyoming, and Vermont). None passed. 2014 saw another six such bills proposed, with one passing in Idaho.

Many of these bills have their origins⁵ in model legislation drafted by the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), the conservative think tank that has been behind a variety of legislative campaigns, including “stand your ground” gun laws and laws mandating states to teach climate change denial in schools. In 2002, ALEC introduced model legislation, called the “Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act,”⁶ which labels people who film animal operations as “terrorists” and criminalizes such actions. In 2004, ALEC began pushing the legislation, and many state “ag-gag” bills have since borrowed language from it.

Anti-whistleblower bills, when passed, effectively block anyone from exposing animal cruelty, food-safety issues, poor working conditions and more in factory farms. The bills do this by:

• Banning the taking of photos or video of a factory farm without permission;
• Criminalizing those seeking employment at a factory farm with the intent to investigate and report on the practices there; and
• Requiring those who witness animal abuse to report the incident within such a short time frame that it is nearly impossible to document any long-term or widespread patterns of abuse.

A wide variety of welfare, civil liberties, environmental, food safety and First Amendment organizations have publicly stated their opposition to ag-gag laws. Some of these groups include: American Civil Liberties Union, Animal Legal Defense Fund, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Amnesty International USA, Farm Sanctuary, Food and Water Watch, Food Chain Workers Alliance, Humane Society of the United States, Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association, International Labor Rights Forum, Organic Consumers Association, National Consumers League, and United Farm Workers, among many others.

Not only do ag-gag laws help to perpetuate animal abuse on industrial farms, they also threaten workers’ rights, consumer health and safety, and the freedom of journalists, employees and the public at large to share information about something as fundamental as our food supply.

While campaigning against the Indiana ag-gag bill, state AFL-CIO president Nancy Guyott said: “Documentation of working conditions in Indiana has been instrumental in improving the nation’s workplace safety laws, since Lewis Hine photographed children working the midnight shift in Indiana’s glass factories in the early 1900s. And that’s exactly what this bill seeks to prevent. The big businesses pushing for this bill seek to ensure that the public discussion of what ought to be cannot be informed by the truth of what is.”

Rather than criminalize undercover investigations in the meat and dairy industries, we should be celebrating them – such investigations were the impetus for many of the nation’s food safety laws. Public knowledge of the practices that Sinclair brought to light in The Jungle led to the passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. More recently, Michael Pollen’s exposé of the fast-food and meat industries galvanized a new movement around issues related to food safety and sustainability. Over time, increased public awareness has led to stronger food safety laws that help protect the public from “mad cow” disease, E. coli, Salmonella and more.

Ag-gag laws pose a grave threat to everyone, especially those of us who envision and work towards a more sustainable food system and a more just economy. Ag-gag laws are an attempt to keep consumers in the dark about what they are buying – and they do that by criminalizing anyone who seeks to understand or expose the truth, allowing the agriculture industry to maximize profits at the expense of animals, workers, food safety and the environment.

But there is hope … animal advocacy organizations continue to pursue investigations to uncover wrongdoing on factory farms, and the growing coalition of animal protection, labor, food safety and consumer advocates have succeeded in stopping a number of proposed ag-gag bills. As Will Potter emphasized on a recent speaking tour about the dangers of ag-gag laws, “The reason activists are a ‘threat’ [to the meat and dairy industries] isn’t that they’re breaking windows. It’s that they’re creating them.”

Learn More:

American Civil Liberties Union
www.aclu.org

Animal Legal Defense Fund
www.aldf.org

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
www.aspca.org

Amnesty International USA
www.amnestyusa.org

Farm Sanctuary
www.farmsanctuary.org

Food and Water Watch
www.foodandwaterwatch.org

Food Chain Workers Alliance
www.foodchainworkers.org

Humane Society of the United States
www.humanesociety.org

Humane Society Veterinary
www.hsvma.org

International Labor Rights Forum
www.laborrights.org

Organic Consumers Association
www.organicconsumers.org

National Consumers League
www.nclnet.org

United Farm Workers
www.ufw.org

Footnotes:

1. Will Potter, “Exposing Animal Cruelty is Not a Crime,” CNN, June 26, 2014, <http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/26/opinion/potter-ag-gag-laws-animals/>
2. “Cruel Cuts: Illegal Slaughter Exposed in Los Angeles,” Mercy For Animals, <http://www.mercyforanimals.org/caslaughter/>
3. David Brown, “USDA Orders Largest Meat Recall in U.S. History,” The Washington Post, February 18, 2008, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/17/AR2008021701530.html>
4. Victoria Kim, “Chino Slaughterhouse to Pay $300,000 in Settlement,” Los Angeles Times, November 16, 2012, <http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/16/local/la-me-slaughterhouse-settlement-20121117>
5. Katie Valentine, “How ALEC Has Undermined Food Safety by Pushing ‘Ag-Gag’ Laws Across the Country,” ThinkProgress, March 19, 2013, <http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/03/19/1741691/alec-food-safety-ag-gag/>
6. “Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act (AETA),” ALEC Exposed (The Center for Media and Democracy), <http://alecexposed.org/w/images/f/f5/7K13-The_Animal_and_Ecological_Terrorism_Act_%28AETA%29_Exposed.pdf>

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